Globalization or Deterioration essays

Globalization or Deterioration essays Since 1962, the Wal-Mart Corporation has been providing goods and services to families in America. In 1991 the Wal-mart Corporation became an international company when it expanded to Mexico City. Today the Wal-mart Corporation is shopped at in nine countries and has been placed at number one among the worlds retail stores. Wal-marts motto is everyday low prices and this contributes to its astonishing success for itself. But, when one analyzes the big picture of this business and its market that is becoming more and more lead by huge corporations, one has to wonder if this isnt the beginning of a downfall or deterioration of social structures, national boundaries, and fair trade. This process is called globalization, and I will be examining some of the detrimental effects of it. Globalization is causing the world to lose its mom and pop businesses and replace them with bigger corporations that can supply them with those products once provided by individually owned businesses for a cheaper price. This can be done because the whole paradigm of big business works in a system that provides goods and services to people at low cost to the business. Prior to this process of global capitalism, there were restrictions on these businesses so that monopolies would not form so that one company would provide all the goods or services for that particular industry. Companies like Wal-Mart are now free to take over a particular industry by providing certain goods of wide varieties cheaper causing smaller businesses to collapse. According to William Robinson, the author of Globalisation: nine theses on our epoch, the way in which we trade or purchase goods is not the only aspect that is being corrupted, but politics are being molded and guided by the process of globalization. Robinsons second thesis states that a new structure of accumulation is emerging which, for the first ti...

British Airways

British Airways Introduction This report gives a comprehensive overview of the business organization processes of British Airways (BA). Several aspects of the organization’s structure, including the structural style, management style, leadership style, motivation style, organizational design, organizational control structures, and the organizational culture constitute this analogy.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on British Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This assessment will be an interesting analogy of British Airways because the company experienced managerial and leadership changes in the recent past. For a long time, British Airways has been the national flag bearer of the United Kingdom (UK). The airline is the largest airline in the country, based on its fleet size and international presence. It operates in 160 destinations around the globe and has a market presence in more than 70 countries (Ganesh 1999, p. 269) . BA’s inception occurred after four small and large airline companies (BOAC, BEA, Cambrian Airways, and Northeast airlines) merged (Meyer 2007). Before 1987, the government ran British Airways, but in the same year, it was privatized as part of the British government’s efforts to seize control of most of its national corporations (McGowan 2011, p. 3). After the privatization, British Airways was able to expand its operations to new locations and new market segments. Currently, the airline is part of the one world alliance, which is an association of several airline companies including American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas and Canadian airlines (Meyer 2007). British Airways also operates under the International Airlines Group (IAG) and its association with this business outfit marks its participation in the London Stock exchange. Company Structure British Airways is a public limited company with three subsidiaries: British Airways city flyer, open skies and British Airways World cargo (Plunkett 2009). The BA city flyer is a franchise of BA and operates a domestic fleet of airlines in the European market (from the London city airport) (Plunkett 2009).Advertising Looking for report on air transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The subsidiary carries passengers, cargo and mail. Open skies is also a fully owned subsidiary of British Airways with operations in France and America. The subsidiary started operations in 2008. Though Open skies was rumored to offer only business class services (during its inception), it also offers economy class (which later upgraded to premium economy class in 2009) (Plunkett 2009). The subsidiary is however not part of the one world alliance (which its parent company (BA) is a member of). Since the aviation market is a competitive industry, BA was motivated by internal changes in the business environment (changes in consumer tastes and preferences ) and external forces (competition) to transition its ownership from a government-run corporation to a private-run corporation (Raktabutr 2007). For example, since BA was a government-run company, it was difficult to change its travel fares according to the market environment. In this regard, it was difficult for BA to compete with its rivals. This transition (from government to private ownership) marked the main legal change for BA but it also set-forth a series of other organizational changes such as organizational culture changes, corporate culture changes, mission statement changes as so on.. Model Application Lewin’s change model is widely applicable in BA’s company transition from a government-run organization to a private-run entity. As noted in previous sections of this paper, the transition from a government outfit to a private organization marked significant changes in the company’s structure. Lewins model explains that, organizations often undergo thr ee stages of transition: â€Å"unfreezing, movement and refreezing† (Cummings 2008, p. 23). These stages have different effects on the organization and their employees. British Airways underwent the three stages.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on British Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the unfreezing stage (as a response to market changes), BA had to unfreeze its operation patterns which were characterized by strong government control. This was a strategy formulated by the organization’s management to manage change. The second stage of Lewin’s model (movement stage) also occurred in BA’s transition because the organization’s management was determined to disseminate its ideas to lower-level employees. To support this transition, BA introduced a new set of programs such as the employee bonus system and the opening of a new airport terminal at the company’s main oper ating hub (Heathrow) to synchronize employee tasks with the management’s vision. The company also invested a lot of money in purchasing a new training facility at Chartridge house to improve the synergy between the company’s management and its employees (Raktabutr 2007). The last stage of Lewin’s model is the refreezing stage. BA transition is characteristic of this stage because it tried to cement its new organizational changes by creating a new behavioral system to support the changes. For instance, a new performance appraisal system, which was designed to recognize employee excellence (concerning customer service and marketing), was established (Raktabutr 2007, p. 12). By implementing these changes, it was expected that the company’s employees were going to be motivated to implement the new organizational changes to receive monetary rewards. To complement these changes, BA introduced new symbols that were printed on employee uniforms, company aircrafts , and other public places of display to symbolize the company’s new commitment (customer service). The motto â€Å"we fly to serve† was part of the new changes adopted by the company during this transition (Raktabutr 2007).Advertising Looking for report on air transport? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership Control Styles Due to the sheer size and extent of BA’s operations, BA’s leadership has often practiced the autocratic leadership style (Northouse 2009). This autocratic leadership style is the main reason for BA’s poor performance between the year 1996 and the year 2000 (Raktabutr 2007). In fact, BA’s shares plunged by close to 40% during this period (Raktabutr 2007). Basic company values such as customer quality and service excellence eroded because of this leadership style as well. However, with the overhaul of BA’s operations, the company is now synonymous with the transformational leadership style. The company’s CEO, Willie Walsh, first introduced this leadership style because previous systems and procedures were not effective (Rivers 2010, p. 2). Some of the operational changes mentioned in previous sections of this study highlight the changes made by Willie Walsh after he took over the leadership of the company. The rigid h ierarchical leadership structure reduced to reflect the CEO’s vision of operating an efficient company. BA’s hierarchical structure is now very simple. It only has one level of distinction between the top-level management and the bottom-level management (Raktabutr 2007). This management structure supports the company’s transformational leadership style because it has made it easy to pass down the CEO’s enthusiasm of the organization to bottom-level employees. This management framework has also made it easy for the company’s CEO to have a â€Å"detail team† to help him realize the organization’s vision. After evaluating the transition from the autocratic leadership style to the transformational leadership style, we see that BA’s leadership transition is explained by the contingency theory of leadership. The contingency theory explains that prevailing environmental factors determine the type of leadership style to be adopted. Acc ording to the contingency theory, there is no leadership style, which is suitable for one organization (Rivers 2010, p. 2). Different situations demand different leadership styles. It is also from this basis that the contingency theory explains that organizational success does not only depend on the leadership qualities but also the loyalty and performance of the followers (plus the environmental support). BA was initially operating in a highly rigid environment dictated by little or no competition and a lot of government control. This situation supported the autocratic leadership style. However, when the market liberalized and the company was privatized, the company’s leadership style changed to transformational leadership (Rivers 2010, p. 2). This transition is explained by the contingency theory as described above. How Management and Leadership Styles Affect the Direction of the Business BA’s management and leadership styles are bound to affect the direction of the company because they are the main wheels behind the efficiency and productivity of the company. Furthermore, the realization of BA’s organizational goals highly depends on the leadership and management styles of the company (Management Study Guide 2008, p. 1). Considering BA operates in a highly competitive industry, there needs to be constant innovation and improvement of customer service. These elements require a constant change of operational processes but considering BA is a large organization, initiating change may be difficult. It is at this point, where management and effective leadership need exercising to ensure the company implements such changes. This analogy presents a guiding role for management and leadership styles because managers and leaders show the rest of the employees where the company is heading (Management Study Guide 2008, p. 1). Through effective management and leadership, employees are bound to get the confidence to undertake their tasks and ultimate ly realize the organization’s goals. This confidence materializes best if leaders and managers show the subordinates that their roles are crucial for the organization. Furthermore, optimum productivity occurs if management shows the lower-level employees how they can achieve such goals. Complementary to this role is the role of leadership and management to build morale among employees (Management Study Guide 2008, p. 1). A high morale materializes if a sense of cooperation develops between the employees and the management. Leadership styles and management styles create this synergy. Comprehensively, an organization’s direction is outlined by its leadership or management styles because both aspects determine the productive levels of the organization. In addition, an organization’s leadership style is likely to improve an organization’s level of competitiveness because it defines the blueprint of where the organization should be (viz-a-viz its competitors). Company Culture Types of organizational Culture Depending on the nature of organization, different companies adopt different organizational cultures. Tharp (2009) observes that there are four main types of organizational culture: collaborative, creative (adhocracy), control and competitive (market) cultures. The collaborative culture is a friendly and open type of culture. This type of organizational culture is very inclusionary and it perceives leaders as mentors or parents of one big extended family. In this type of culture, group cohesion is paramount and relationships are forged for long-term benefits (Tharp 2009, p. 7). Teamwork, participation and cohesiveness are also highly emphasized in this type of culture because there is a strong concern for people. The creative culture lays a lot of emphasis on innovation and risk taking because the philosophy of â€Å"thinking out of the box† is highly emphasized. Individualism is also encouraged and success is measured by being a leader among many (Tharp 2009, p. 7). The control culture is different from the creative and collaborative cultures because it defines a highly structured form of interaction between employees and their bosses. There is also a lot of emphasis on rules and procedures because stability is perceived to be the ultimate goal of organizations that adopt this culture (Tharp 2009, p. 7). Finally, the competitive culture focuses on job completion. There is a lot of push from leaders that run organizations that adopt this culture because the ultimate goal of such organizations is job accomplishment. The idea of winning is a major unifying factor for employees and managers (Tharp, 2009, p. 7). BA’s Organizational Culture After understanding the above leadership styles, it is important to note that, BA applies the competitive organizational culture. The competitive organizational culture was adopted after the company was privatized. BA’s emphasis now lies on being the best airl ine company in the region. For instance, after privatization, BA changed its corporate mission objective from â€Å"safety† to â€Å"competition†. This is a response to the competition in the aviation industry. Now the company focuses on being effective and high performing. Similarities between BA and Secondary Data Concerning the competitive organizational culture, BA’s organizational culture bears many similarities with secondary research information (regarding the competitive culture). In books, it is mentioned that the competitive organizational culture emphasizes a lot on success and accomplishments while British Airways also strives to show that it is succeeding. For instance, the company now focuses on posting good profits (De-Witte 2000, p. 501). This push to post good profits is part of a move to keep the company afloat, amid growing employee tensions and increased shareholder demands. Furthermore, existing literature outline that, leaders in organizati ons that adopt the competitive culture are hard-driving and demanding. BA’s leadership exudes these traits because it puts a lot of pressure on its employees to show results. Part of the pressure emanates from past periods of failure, which have seen BA suffer significant losses in revenue. Motivational Framework BA uses financial rewards to motivate its employees. This motivational framework is mentioned in earlier sections of this paper where BA’s bonus program was introduced to cement the company’s operational changes by focusing on customer service and quality. This motivational framework defines the scientific management theory, which was advanced by Frederick Taylor (Waring 1994, p. 1). The theory proposes that, people are mainly motivated by financial reward. The theory also maintains that, people are not naturally motivated to work, and they need rewards to boost their productivity. Complementarily, Maslow theory of motivation also outlines BA’s m otivational framework because it explains that workers strive to satisfy basic needs before they satisfy higher-level needs such as safety needs and self-actualization needs. Maslow’s theory categorizes worker needs on five levels as outlined below: (Waring 1994, p. 94) Incidentally, these needs are often satisfied through financial upgrades. For instance, if a worker has already satisfied basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing, they need more money to satisfy the next level of need (safety needs). This motivational dynamic therefore supports BA’s motivational framework because workers strive to improve their productivity to get more bonuses, and consequently satisfy higher-level needs. BA and the workers benefit here. Conclusion Weighing the findings of this report, we can see that BA’s organizational culture and processes are influenced by its transition from a government entity to a private entity. However, BA’s new organizational culture (bas ed on competition), is expected to increase the company’s odds of being an industry leader, as it was before. The competitive organizational culture (coupled with the company’s motivational framework) is set to increase the company’s profitability. The scientific management theory seems to affirm this success because it lays a lot of emphasis on guaranteeing company success if an employee reward scheme is employed. BA’s organizational structures therefore outline the blueprint for its future success. BA can improve its future profitability if it focuses on product innovation strategies to meet varying customer group demands. Most of BA’s competitors (such as Emirates airlines) are reaping huge profits from such strategic shifts. The product innovation strategy has also worked in other industries where a company understands its different customer groups and develops new products to meet these needs. Finally, to improve the company’s profitabi lity, BA needs to adopt more hedging practices. For instance, the unstable price of crude oil may significantly affect the company’s bottom-line. Hedging such a cost is likely to improve the company’s prospects of posting good returns. Such a strategy has worked with other airline companies such as Southwest airlines. BA’s success will be guaranteed in this manner. References Cummings, T. (2008) Organization Development Change. London, Cengage Learning. De-Witte, K. (2000) Organizational Culture. Michigan, Psychology Press. Ganesh, G. (1999) Privatisation Competition And Regulation In The United Kingdom:  Case Studies. London, Mittal Publications. Management Study Guide. (2008) Importance of Leadership (Online) Available at: managementstudyguide.com/importance_of_leadership.htm . McGowan, R. (2011) Privatize This?: Assessing the Opportunities and Costs of  Privatization. London, ABC-CLIO. Meyer, S. (2007) Acquisition of EasyJet Plc. by British Airways Plc. London, GRIN Verlag. Northouse, P. (2009) Leadership: Theory and Practice. London, SAGE. Plunkett, J. (2009) Plunketts Transportation, Supply Chain and Logistics Industry Almanac 2009 (E-Book): Transportation, Supply Chain and Logistics Industry Market Research, Statistics, Trends and Leading Companies. London, Plunkett Research, Ltd. Raktabutr, T. (2007) Analysis of Organization: British Airways (Online) Available at: http://thanabut.blogspot.com/2007/05/1-introduction-this-report-is-written.html . Rivers, M. (2010) British Airways Strike Can Be Averted (Online) Available at: guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/may/10/british-airways-strike-can-be-averted . Tharp, B. (2009) Four Organizational Culture Types (Online) Available at: haworth.com/en-us/Knowledge/Workplace-Library/Documents/Four-Organizational-Culture-Types_6.pdf . Waring, S. (1994) Taylorism Transformed: Scientific Management Theory Since 1945. London, UNC Press Books.

Cross married Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cross married - Essay Example Our family does effect in their community of friend; however, each family believes by their ancestor value passed down from their own knowledge of judgment in every learning activity from the family. A family member married outside their race. For example, in the movie "Guess who coming for dinner", marrying from another race is a threat to the family. This may bring about more family tradition or upper class family. This results to race differences that make families to slowly lose their traditional value. The community is supposed to be supporting this but this is not the case since human beings are jealousy, greedy for power and fame. Therefore, if something is unusual in the community of friend, then it could be an opportunity for one to judge other than to gain respect for their own. New couples without serious love may have an unstable relationship. On the other hand, new couples will continue to be criticized by their families and the community over time and this could lead to boiling point. In the movie "Guess who coming for dinner" shows a different point of view. The mother has a strong support in Joanna, and she sacked one of her good worker because the worker had a negative opinion in her daughter's relationship. The father approved his daughter's married. The family should accept cross marriages no matter how the community views it; they should not stop the marriage. Strong family approval helps the new couples to easily succeed in life. Cross marriage usually has a tough time in communication. Communication comes from the knowledge of the family background and friends we know well. In this case, parent have wire rang of knowledge and norm, and they can teach the children since they have a good judgments foundation. What happen to a child who has missed a fortune that the parent did not teach them in the right direction of norm The child grows up and makes multiple judgments according to his own opinion and logics. The communication has no boundary because the consequence of bad judgment has very little effect on their feeling. In addition, based on the movie, the knowledge and wisdom from Dr. John said in a few words to Joanna's parents did mean a lot. Dr. John understands in the norm of what the right thing to be done and what is not to be done. The moral value gives him an idea on how far he can go without stepping over the boundary. On the other hand, Joanna thinks very similar to most young couples. She speaks o n her feeling but without consequence of others. It is a very risky situation, but Joanna decision went as planned. However, in the story of "Grace", after many months, Grace felt that her parent-in-law's should have moved back to live with her sister in law. Grace decision did turn out in her plan, so she moved out from the house. Two-way moral communication is usually the best choice. Cross marriage has another problem of language barrier. Grace had problem of communicating with her mother-in-law because she do not speak English. Two-way communication is the best choice, but two different languages build a wall between two sides. Nothing else is more important in cross marriage than to have to have a stable income. So far, the movie "Guess who coming for dinner" and the story "Grace" were successful marriage. Dr. John is considered as a high class person, very knowledgeable person, and one who has a stable income. Dr. John marriage to Joanna was not a major change in her

Retirement Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retirement Planning - Essay Example While there are many courses of action one can take to retire, some have greater risk while others offer security. For those of us wanting to retire in the next fifteen to twenty years, risk should be tempered through proper management, diverse investing, and proper estate planning that includes a will, estate plan, and life insurance if one is not self insured through a high net worth in personal property (FINRA, 2011). How Much Does one Need to Retire? Retirement goals most often deal with time and money. In order to retire by a certain time, one must have a certain amount of money. This amount can be in a stock account, coming in as passive income, or cash flow, or be a combination of both. In order for me to maintain my current lifestyle in retirement, I will need to have an income of $4,500 with a margin of growth that meets or exceeds inflation. While many people’s expenses go down in retirement, I do not want to take any chances when it comes to matters such as healthca re, which is the reason that many senior citizens end up broke and living off of social security and, in some cases, the equity in their home through a reverse mortgage. So, while some of my current expenses, such as paying for my mortgage, will not be an issue when I retire, I want to maintain the same level of income to allow for a lifestyle that goes beyond living, and allows me to have a life so that I can travel, give money to organizations I feel are important, while having more to leave behind to loved ones. This will be accomplished through proper asset allocation in a diversified portfolio that will come to approximately three-million dollars. Asset Allocation My current asset allocation is split between individual stocks that I manage through Scottrade, a company matched 401(k), and real estate. My equity is split evenly between the stock market and residential properties, but over the next fifteen to twenty years I expect my real estate holdings to be approximately two-th irds of my portfolio. The reason for this forecast is the properties’ appreciation and growing equity. In addition to the properties’ gains, I will also acquire more properties when good deals are available along with the cash to purchase. Owning property is extremely attractive because the investment can grow while paying at least partially for itself if not in full by way of payments made from tenants. In addition to this, owning property allows investors to receive tax breaks from losses even in years when money has been made. This is done after mortgage interest and depreciation is taken into account. For example, if a piece of property is worth $124,000 with mortgage payments of $1,000 per month, and a tenant occupying the home is paying $1,150 in rent for the whole year, then the profit at the end of the year is $1,800. However, the mortgage interest amounted to $9,000, and depreciation on a piece of investment property is incurred over thirty-one years. In the c ase of this property, the depreciation is $4,000 a year. Rather than paying taxes on $1,800, a loss is shown in the amount of $11,200, resulting in a larger tax return, or lower tax burden, at the end of the year (Pascale, 2010). The advantage to being in a 401(k) is that the company I work for matches my contributions up to 3%. If my 401(k) is cut in half from a

Drinking and driving Essay Example for Free

Drinking and driving Essay On Jan.8, 2002, President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) that became the education-reform bill. The No Child Left Behind is most sweeping education-reform bill since 1965 that made changes to the the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The No Child Left Behind plays a big part in the life’s of students, parents, teachers, and the future of the educational system. â€Å"No longer content to provide access to education for traditionally extended students populations, we are now demanding that these students receive equally good educations. † In other words, administrations are now demanding equality of quality. President Bush thinks that all students are title to high quality education, treated equal, fair, and to be safe while at school. The No Child Left Behind places significant responsibilities on state educational agencies, school districts, principals, and the teachers. â€Å"In 2002 the federal government returned to the force front in potentially historic fashion.† With the passage of No Child Left Behind, supported by bipartism majorities in Congress, the nation committed itself to the achievement of every student in America. The No Child Left Behind in the federal system the United States for every education state and school districts fail to meet the requirements of No Child Left Behind Act that will be held accountable, with the opportunity to improve their down fall. Each state makes their own standards for what a child should know and learn for grades, for math and reading the standards should be developed first. Every student should be tested by the standards. All school districts should make adequate yearly progress toward meeting their state standards. Schools that fail need all the support they can get to improve their progress. The school or District shall come up with an idea that’s going to meet all necessary to make higher goals. The No Child Left Behind has a standardize by making sure that all teachers were high. The No CLB Act has In the article (Teacher’s Views on No child left behind) teachers was the no child left behind law â€Å"The federal legislation provides considerable discretion to states that can develop their own academic content standards, choose the tests they will administer, and specify the minimum scores students must obtain to be declared â€Å"proficient†. The no child left behind law increased the attention to many schools that pay to academic achievement and to disadvantage children that make it better. â€Å"As a result, the skills, and knowledge of the subgroups of children that historically have not increased as rapidly under many state tests would suggest. Second, no child left behind has increased the efforts of schools scores, third, adequate yearly progress rules; some states increased the migration of experienced teachers out of school serving high concentrations of low – performing students. No child left behind represents that parents of students who are attending title I schools are given the option to transfer their students to another school in the district for improvement status, If a student requested to be transferred shall be allowed to transfer. The No Child Left Behind, has two new educational options, -supplemental educational services and school choice for title I schools for restricting, improvement, and corrective action by the options depends on parental decisions. Parents will know their student assessments. If the school needs improvement the parent will be informed. Conclusion: The No Child Left Behind Act is great. Every child should have the right to receive an education, and be safe while in school. There so many jobs and opportunities will be required to have a college degree in order for a student to have success in life they need an education. The No Child Left Behind Act helps and gives students the impossible they did not have. The No  Child Left Behind made school districts accountability achievement. ON January 8, 2002 President Bush signed the No Child Left Behind (NCLB), Act the reform bill improves student’s goals on the state- wide testing, and The No Child Left Behind has admirable goal of improvement in the educational system. President Bush thinks that no child should be left behind and that all children are entitled to education, treated fair and to be safe. No matter what the student is, their race, where they live, they should be entitled to an equal education. References’ Abernathy, S. (2007). No child left behind and the public schools {electronic resource} / Scott Franklin Abernathy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, c2007. Michigan Press. In 2001 the author researcher at Ann Arbor: University of President George W. Bush’s education reform legislation, the no child left behind act (H.R. 1). Testing and accotability provisions Chubb, J.E. (2009). Learning from no child left behind {electronic resource}: how and why the nation’s most important but The Author research stand ford, California. : hoover institution Murnane, R., Papay, J. (2010). Teacher’s views on no child left behind: support for the principles, concerns about the practices. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(3), 151- 166 Programs, all other Miscellaneous Schools Believes that the school should not be accountable for teaching all children well. The No child left behind is to improve all students’ performance. Put students’ performance in data gives the parents opportunity to see the child’s performance. Students that attend low-performing schools start to develop discipline issues, their want to be transferred to a better – performing school. School that doesn’t need their goals will offer including free tutoring, and after school instruction. Randolph, K., Wilson – Younger, D. (2012). †Is No Child Left Behind Effective For All Students?† Parents don’t think so. Online submission. The author’s researchers Database: ERIC. Since the No child left behind is to discuss the advantage of the core requirements for its implementation. Parents have concerns whether the children are really learning. Zimmer, R., Gill, B., Raquin, Booker, K., Lockwood, J., Department of education, w.c (2007). State and Local Implementation of the â€Å"No Child Left Behind† (N ls-â€Å"nclb†). The author researchers us department of  education. The key component the no child left behind for the parent children that were attending title I school options for corrective action, improvement, failure achieve toward meeting state standards.

Conflict between the Functions of Human Resources :: Human Resources Essays

What is conflict? Conflict is a natural disagreement resulting from individuals or groups that differ in attitudes, beliefs, values or needs. Conflict exists in organisations because, by their very nature, organisations require social interaction between people with different goals, values, and backgrounds. Recent structural, economic and philosophical changes in the world of work have escalated the likelihood and level of conflict within the workplace organisations. Distinctions must be made, though between positive and negative aspects of conflict in the workplace. If constructively managed conflict may lead to clearer ideas and increased organisational effectiveness. If unchecked, however conflict may become unduly disruptive. Human Resource Planning: Human resource planning is concerned with getting the right people, using them well and developing them in order to meet the goals of the organisation. Conflict may arise when deciding who are the right people to chose, and the skills and competences they will need to help the company to meet their objectives. Especially if there is more than one person involved in the decision making peoples opinions may differ and this may cause conflict over the final decision. They are also concerned with strategies and future plans for the organisation again people may feel their strategy is more suited to the company while others feel the opposite and again conflict arises. This department is linked with recruitment and selection because as pointed out this dept needs the right people to carry out their task of getting employees to meet the organisations goals. Conflict between these departments may arise if recruitment and selection are not recruiting the right person which wastes time and money and disables this department because this dept cannot go on to develop people if they are not right for the job in the first place. Recruitment and selection: This department can incur quite high costs and conflict may arise when decisions are made on how much of the budget should be spent and the most appropriate and cost effective way to spend it. For example ‘advertising’ decisions are to be made on how and when to advertise. Also when deciding on what the jobs that are to be recruited for will entail, judging which applications best meet the criteria set down for the post and finally selecting the best candidate for the post all of these factors include decision making and decision making between a group of people can often lead to conflict when disagreements between them arise. Performance management: Conflict may arise when deciding the best techniques to use to manage employees also how much employees should be paid in relation to performance – related pay. Also after hearing feedback from employees should and what requests they have made be granted.

Theater Arts

â€Å"Sitting in Limbo† is a play written by Dawn Penso and Judith Hepburn who are both Jamaican nationals living in London, the play was directed by Jo-Ann McCabe. â€Å"Sitting in Limbo† was held at the University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus, Errol Barrow Centre for Creative Imagination; in the Walcott Warner Theater. The moon reading featured a trio of Barbadian actors: Amanda Cumerbatch as Yvonne Campbell, Philip Eno as the judge and radio announcer and finally Loretta Hackett as Nita George, on Monday 25th February 2013.The theatrical piece starts out with a contrast between two women, one of a fairly wealthy background and the other struggling to make ends meet this portrays a conflict between both women based on their differences which in the end both women overcame. The play about a prison warden, Nita George and prisoner Yvonne Campbell depicts a political disruption in Grenada’s annals which led to the imprisonment of Grenadian Phllis Coard.Immu red along with her husband for assassinating Grenada’s elected Prime Minister, Nita presumes that Yvonne is a greedy woman with a thirst for predominance and that she is the main reason behind all the troubles in Grenada due to her pushing her husband into the overthrow of the Prime Minister. Nita openly affronts Yvonne, while Yvonne demands that she be respected because of her position in society and the â€Å"success† she has brought upon the country.Two years had passed and Nita’s views about Yvonne hadn’t changed but as the years went by for a total of seven years and they both opened up to each other and adapted to each other’s personalities Nita saw Yvonne as a woman with humanity and compassion. Although the play is mainly about the two characters Nita and Yvonne, the radio announcer plays a very important role, he notifies the audience about the amount of years passed and the fate of Grenada, the radio announcer practically gives viewers an idea of what was going on during the play.The trio has done an exceptionally great job on the piece ‘Sitting in Limbo†. The use of accents added a great effect on the nationality of the characters or the origin where the incident was being taken place. The use of costume was also great because one could identify which character was which , when Nita or Loretta wore the khaki shirt and the khaki pants it gave the audience a hint that she was some sort of guard or officer or in this case a prison warden.In Philip’s case the use of headphones gave the audience an idea that he was a Dj or a radio announcer. The use of the projection of bars gave the audience an idea that it was some kind of prison. The bars also reflected on how each woman felt inside, Nita trying to raise a family by herself in the economic struggles felt ‘imprisoned† because she wanted to live a better life, she wanted to reach for her goals but she could not do so because of the curren t situation but eventually ‘broke free â€Å"and decided to accept the offer her sister had given her.Yvonne although imprisoned literally felt† imprisoned† due to the fact that deep down inside she knew what she did was wrong but her arrogance and pride got in the way ,she’ broke free† by refusing to sign a contract which could have literally freed her by denying everything she had actually done. However they were some minor imperfections which were indeed noticeable, such as the backing of the audience, Phillip walking offstage before the fade had actually begun and where Loretta and Amanda had somewhat forgotten a bit of their lines.There were also some technical difficulties where as the fade would begin too early or a little too late but they but did not affect the theatrical piece it self. The play was a unique piece especially because it was my first time viewing a moon read play and because they tied in a fictional crisis into a play which I f ound very creative. The play also impacted the audience and made it an enjoyable play for them.

Intelligence gathering Essay

The primary objective of intelligence gathering â€Å"†¦is to deal with future danger, not to punish past crimes. † This rings especially true in the world of terrorism. Although you are not seeking to punish past crimes, you cannot discount their usefulness when attempting to understand the future. Information is endless in terms of quantity. There are no limitations to the resources that can create useful and viable information. Perhaps the best source of information is that which comes from human sources. However, in law enforcement the use of undercover officers and informants is limited. The costs and risks associated with such operations are exponential. Also, many of the terrorist groups and organized hate groups are closed societies and are difficult to infiltrate. â€Å"To invade Iraq without preparing to deploy immediately and instruct properly the forces necessary to establish order, protect the inhabitants’ rich cultural legacy, and safeguard the material infrastructure of government and the health system is hardly to evince concern for real people as distinguished from abstract ideas. † (Thomas 2003 4). Nor is Ð ° determination not to tally at least the civilian Iraqi dead and maimed, the collateral damage, as it were, of liberation. Nor is leaving Afghanistan in shambles the better to pursue Ð ° war of choice and opportunity but hardly necessity in the Middle East, Nor is willed amnesia about the fate of the Central American countries where, in the name of democracy during the Reagan years, neo-conservatives championed war rather than fostering compromise and leveraging the social change that might have given substance to democratic forms. But all of these acts and omissions are entirely consistent with Ð ° cynical power-sharing compromise with the hard proponents of an unadorned chauvinism. And they are consistent as well with Ð ° sentiment that administration realists and neo-conservatives appear to possess jointly, which is indifference to what liberal humanitarians deem essential: due regard for the opinion of our old democratic allies and due concern for the lives of the peoples we propose to democratize. â€Å" (Thomas 2004 11). Therefore, much of the information gathered comes from traditional sources such as reports, search warrants, anonymous tips, public domain, and records management systems. This information is used to populate various investigative databases. When investigating Ð ° crime or developing answers to ongoing patterns, series, or trends, law enforcement personnel often rely upon numerous databases and records management systems. â€Å"One predictable yet little remarked consequence of the outrages committed in America on 9/11 has been an upsurge of academic interest in the study of terrorism. The number of US institutes and research centers and ‘think thanks’ which have now added this subject to their research agendas or, in some cases, have been newly established to specialize in this field has mushroomed. In Britain and other European countries the increase in interest has been more modest: some universities are now beginning to recruit specialists in terrorism studies to teach the subject as part of the curriculum of political science or international relations. Yet throughout European academia there is still Ð ° deep-seated reluctance, if not outright refusal, to recognize that studying terror as Ð ° weapon, whether by sub-state groups or regimes, is Ð ° legitimate and necessary scholarly activity. Most of the standard British introductory texts on politics and international relations make no reference to the concept of terrorism, or if they do it is only to dismiss it on the grounds that it is simply Ð ° pejorative term for guerrilla warfare and freedom fighting. Equally remarkable is the neglect of the use of terror by regimes and their security forces. The omission of Ð ° reference to these phenomena in the introductory texts is all the more startling in view of the fact that throughout history regimes have been responsible for campaigns of mass terror, of Ð ° lethality and destructiveness far greater in scale than those waged by sub-state groups. (Mary 2003 25) â€Å"It takes little imagination to see that the events of September 11 delivered Ð ° profound shock to America’s sense of its relationship with the outside world. Commentators inside and outside the United States strove to find words to express their sense of the enormity of the attacks. The attacks were Ð ° â€Å"wake-up call for Americans. † They constituted the â€Å"end of American innocence,† Ð ° final blow to America’s privileged position of detachment from the messy and violent conflicts that blighted less favored countries. America had now once and for all entered the â€Å"real world† of international politics, its â€Å"illusion of invulnerability† finally shattered. An important assumption behind these reactions was that America’s stance toward the outside world could and must change as Ð ° result of these events. American isolationism (in so far as it still existed), its tendency to act unilaterally, indeed its famed â€Å"exceptionalism† itself must inevitably give way to an acknowledgment that the United States was just like any other power. What precise policy implications might flow from such recognition was as yet unclear; it was enough that the events of September 11 constituted Ð ° turning point in American foreign relations. The world, it was said repeatedly, would never be the same again, and neither would America. Simulation exercises of terrorist situations which have occurred can be extremely useful. Lessons can be learnt. Response patterns and negotiating positions have to be viewed in the broader context of government policy-making. Problems shown up by simulation can be examined with Ð ° view to solution – are policy-makers prepared for Ð ° potential crisis or not? Communications breakdown, working at cross purposes and the impact of critical disorganization are regular difficulties. Terrorist tactics and strategies change and this can strain the capabilities of the authorities to respond effectively. â€Å" (John 2004 33-36).

The Mozart Effect essays

The Mozart Effect essays THE CONTROVERSY BEHIND THE MOZART EFFECT Every aspiring mother and father in America dreams about having their child attend Harvard, or Yale, or MIT. For generations parents have attempted to get a head start on that dream in hopes that it would make the child smarter after conception. A good diet, exercise, singing, and verbal communication have all been said to help in producing a little Einstein. But now America has a new way to make their children smarter. It seems that the next generation will not be singing, talking to, playing with, or even teaching their children. All they have to do is turn on the radio or one of the many choices of tapes that have sprung up after America first learned about the Mozart Effect. This widely inclusive term stemmed from a 1993 study that found that college students had increased IQ scores after listening to a Mozart Sonata. Days after the news was released, it gave birth to a music industry, government legislation stating that all newborn babies were to be given a classical t ape, a new field of medicine: Music Therapy, and parents around the country playing Mozarts Sonata in D Major for Two Pianos to their newborns while ...waiting for Harvard to call... ( ). But on the other hand, it was a Harvard Medical School researcher named Chris Chabris that has discredited it as statistically insignificant (Chabris 54). The effect of music on young minds is a very controversial topic. The Mozart Effect is the use of music to enhance the quality of life in a variety of ways, including health, wellness, education,creativity and emotional expression (Kranz 1). It originated from a 1993 study on college students, and its results have been widely misinterpreted. The study found that listening to ...

Carthaginian Society Essay Example

Carthaginian Society Essay Example Carthaginian Society Paper Carthaginian Society Paper The key developments and forces that shaped the society can be accentuated through the study of historical and archaeological sources, focusing on he these aspects of its material culture: geographical context, social relationships, gender roles, economic aspects, military aspects, religion, death and burial, government, cultural life and peoples lives. Geography The capital city, Cartage, originally a Phoenician city was believed to be founded by the Queen Dido in BOCCE. The city however was a dependency of Tire until 332 BCC when Alexander the Great conquered Tire. The Trains spared by Alexander were believed to be saved due to their abundance of wealth. They were able to institute new lives in Cartage and established it as the new centre of Phoenician trade. The city began to expand in grandeur and wealth, becoming the richest and most powerful empire in the Mediterranean in less than 100 years. The harbor was immense and the empires realm for trade, providing vast amounts of wealth for the nation. With 220 docks, the Carthaginian trading ships sailed daily to ports all around the Mediterranean Sea while their navy, supreme in the region, kept them safe and, also, opened new territories for trade and resources through conquest. 190501593This map shows the extent of the Cartage empires territory exemplifying there dominance over the western Mediterranean. Social relationships Social relationships throughout Cartage portray a class society, however in its prominence the wealthy culture shows no signs of an impoverished class, besides that of the slaves. From historical records by the Greek geographer Stratton, the population of Cartage is stated to be 700,000. However this figure is believed to be unreliable and excessive, with modern historians estimating the citys population to be closer to, 200,000 people. This would still mean the citys population is extensive, as Rome was estimated to have 150,000 people in its standing. At the height of the Social scale is an aristocracy of rich ship-owners, traders and property owners. This class earned their wealth through their domination and exploitation of Cartages trade and agricultural domains. By studying the archaeological site of Ukraine, the only surviving Carthaginian town not modified by the Romans, it is evident the aristocratic class lived in palace like buildings. The next class is the workers. This class is inclusive of craftsmen, sailors, Dockers, farmers and miners. This class includes a majority of foreigners from Greek and Etruscan colonies from throughout he Empire. This class is believed to have lived in affluent yet small homes. The next in the social scale is the slaves. These slaves were employed, or bought, for servile work in the mines, farms or domestic sectors. Although these slaves suffered harsh conditions, they were conceded freedom of worship and had the possibility of buying their freedom. The Libyan, were the native Africans of Cartage and suffered the worst conditions under Cartage rule. They were classed as free, however they had no civic rights and were forced to pay heavy tax, up to half their harvest. These poor notations led to the revolts of 39 and 379. Overall for their time the citizens of the Cartage Empire had good social relationships, with the exceptions of the indigenous population. Gender roles Gender roles in Cartage were distinctive of the antiquity. It was a society where males dominated the workforce, military and government. Women were expected to do administrative and housekeeping Jobs. Although not allowed to participate directly in the political process, women could engage in religious and economic endeavourers. There are records about women who became priests and also leaders of elisions councils. As the city of Cartage was actually founded by a woman called Elise, or Dido, they were respected by males in the society, which contrast some societies of the antiquity. Economic aspects The Carthaginian Empire relied on trade throughout the Mediterranean. There extensive and prosperous trade allowed the Cartage Empire to expand into the most advanced military and industrial empire of their time. The Carthaginian Empires trade routes spanned the Mediterranean and parts of the Atlantic Oceans, as well as deep into Africa. The Empires main treatys of commerce were with cities f the Iberian peninsula (modern day Spain) and with Britain. From these countries Cartage obtained silver, lead, copper and there most utilities object, tin ore, from which they manufactured bronze. Cartages Naval dominance allowed them to enforce a monopoly on their trade relations. This allowed Cartage to become the largest manufacturer and exporter of bronze during their time, allowing them to maintain power and prosperity for the Empire. Another of Cartages major exports was the extremely valuable Train purple dye. This dye was one of the most highly valued commodities of the antiquity. The dye was found on Togas worn in Roman society. It is used on the toga perpetrate, which was reserved for magistrates and high priests. Broad purple stripes were reserved for the togas of the senatorial class, while the equestrian class had the right to wear narrow stripes. Evidence of the manufacturing of the purple dye can be found at the archaeological site of Ukraine as mounds of shells of the murex marine snails from which the dye derives. As well as the dye, Cartage was famous for its creation of textiles, including finely embroidered silks and its development of glassware. This creation promoted an advancement of Cartages manufacturing of household items including mirrors, cabinetry and beds. Despite Cartages large manufacturing advancements they were at large an agrarian society, as agriculture was the fundamental part of their economy. Their advanced agricultural system included the use of crop-rotation, irrigation and the use of iron ploughs. Cartage also utilities the mainland of Africa as they traded in commodities of salt and timber for prized possessions of Arabian and African spices and slaves. Throughout mainland Africa the Carthaginian traded in markets and stalls. Overall, Cartages economy was the quintessential aspect of its society which allowed the Empire to become one of the most advanced for its time. Military aspects The military campaigns of Cartage were primarily between The Greeks in the Sicilian wars and between the Romans in the Punic wars, resulting in the complete annexation of Cartage. The Carthaginian army is made up of light and heavy infantry, siege engines, skirmishers, light and heavy cavalry, as well as war elephants and chariots. Supreme command of the military was initially held by the civilian Suffuses until the third century BC. Thereafter, professional military generals were appointed directly by the Carthaginian Senate. The Sicilian wars started in BBC against the Greeks of Syracuse. The wars were fought over the contention for Sicily. The first Sicilian war resulted in defeat for Cartage and also the replacement of the old Monarchy with a Republic. The second and third Sicilian wars also resulted in the defeat of the Carthaginian armies and the loss of Sicily to the Greeks. The Punic wars were fought between Cartage and Rome, initially for the control of the city Message. The second Punic war was between BOCCE and BOCCE. This war is famous for Hannibal, the general of Cartage, invasion of northern Italy through the Alps. However this war also resulted in Hannibal defeat in Africa. The third Punic war however was the greatest defeat for Cartage as it resulted in the Empires complete annexation, ending their existence as an empire. The battle was fought in the city of Cartage. Overall Cartages history is a reflection of their excessive military defeats, which resulted in their defeat to the Roman Empire. Religion, Death and Burial Religion played a crucial role for the Carthaginian society, with substantial influence n daily life. Through the examination of sources the significance of religion, death and burial in Carthaginian society can be determined. Religion in Cartage is a direct continuation of the polytheistic Eleven beliefs. The central Gods of the Cartage religion were Tania and Bal Hammond. Bal-Hammond was the God of Fertility and restorer of all energies in the Phoenician colonies of the Western Mediterranean. Tania was Queen Goddess of Cartage, Queen of Good Fortune and the Harvest. Sacrifice was another significant yet controversial part of Carthaginian religion. The reactive of Animal sacrifice and Child sacrifice were undertaken by the citizens. Animal sacrifices occurred during times of poverty and scarceness. It was a belief that only male animals would be sacrificed. Child sacrifice is a controversial part of Carthaginian religion and its importance is debated by historians today. The act of Child Sacrifice in Cartage can be found in many Roman texts. The reliability of these texts however is faulted as they were political propaganda. As Cartage was an enemy of Rome during the Punic wars, Roman texts on Cartage were biased and storied by their inflicting political perspectives. Despite this evidence of child sacrifice can be found at Archaeological sites, such as Cartage Tope, excavated by Lawrence E. Stager, where pits of large amounts of infants can be found. It is believed the sacrifices were made for the god Bal Hammond. It has been noted that these sacrifices occurred through the burning of children, who were then placed in Topes (pits). However many historians believe that the Topes were resting places for the cremated remains of children that died naturally of disease, not children who ere sacrificed. Sergei Rabbinic has argued that the Tope was a child necropolis designed to receive the remains of infants who had died prematurely of sickness or other natural causes, and who for this reason were offered to specific deities and buried in a place different from the one reserved for the ordinary dead. However there are archaeological sites with reliable proof of child sacrifice. Sites within Carthaginian Empire such as Mazda near Sicily revealed the remains of male children under the age of five. There was no evidence of disease in the bones that survived cremation. This has been interpreted as evidence for frequent and prominent child sacrifice to the god Bal Hammond. This is an issue still in debate by historians and archaeologists. On the whole, religion death and burial were important parts of Ancient Cartages society and sacrifice could have played a key role in their religion. Government The government of Cartage was to an extent an oligarchic republic, with some representative and democratic institutions, allowing some public accountability. The Empire was governed by two annually elected Suffers (kings). The suffers were elected from amongst the most wealthy and influential families. They ruled ecologically with a council of officials and commissioners who oversaw certain aspects of government such as treasury and foreign policy. The suffers operated Judicial power, however they did not control the military. There was a Tribunal of the Hundred and four, a body of Judges, called penitentiaries, who formed a higher court, overseeing the actions of politicians and generals. Carthaginian government also had a popular assembly, which was formed as a democratic voice for the people. It consisted of legislators, trade unions and town meetings. This assembly made important sections when the Suffers and council reached a unanimous decision. Overall Cartages stable system of government was a product of the prosperous and advanced nation. Culture and peoples lives The culture of Cartage was dominated by an Urban network of social activities, much like that of Roman society. They had forums or meeting places where people would buy and sell items. Theatre was the popular source of entertainment. Worship was conducted in public and private temples. Baths were a popular leisure activity, however unlike in Roman society where baths are public, in Cartage bath where mound in almost every home, emphasizing the idea that they are for personal health as well as leisure. As stated in social relationships, people in Cartage for the most part, lived good and prosperous lives. Cartages strong economy allowed for high living standards for the time of antiquity. Overall Cartage became a dominating power in the Mediterranean through its strong economy. This allowed the society to prosper with a stable system of government. The citizens of Cartage were also able to sustain fine lives with good working conditions and living standards, with religion playing an important part of their culture.

Does an individual who has no hope of recovery have the right to Essay

Does an individual who has no hope of recovery have the right to decide how and when to end their life - Essay Example The English case law clearly established that actively hastening the death of a patient by means of medical intervention is illegal and unlawful1. The United Kingdom is preparing the ground work to make assisted suicide legal. This move has been opposed by many doctors and medical practitioners. The British Medical Association opposed the government’s initiative. The proposed Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill would have permitted physicians to prescribe and administer lethal dosages of drugs to patients suffering from terminal illnesses. However, that Bill was rejected by the House of Lords. Nevertheless, Church leaders fear that this Bill could made law in the next attempt to pass it. According to Lord Joffe, only six hundred fifty people would be allowed to undergo assisted suicide, every year, but it was predicted that there would be more than fifteen thousand people seeking such a death, on an annual basis. Critics claim that the law is pushing terminally ill patients who think that they will be a burden on their family members, to seek assisted suicide. Some hospitals still employ the ruse whereby, patient s would be asked to utilise a tick a box and die scheme in the event of their becoming physically incapacitated2. Euthanasia and assisted suicide are controversial medical practices, and they are surrounded by ethical arguments. Although euthanasia is an ethical and moral issue, under certain circumstances, such as terminal illnesses, unbearable pain and other extreme conditions; physicians and medical practitioners are to be allowed to perform it on their patients, subsequent to providing the necessary information to their patients. These patients, after obtaining such information that had been provided by their doctors, can decide to die with dignity by choosing the circumstances and time of their death. In physician assisted suicide, doctors administer

Computer History Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer History - Term Paper Example The classification is based on certain periods of time the computers was improved during. Every generation is characterized by the new invention. The first period is 1937 – 1946. It is characterized by the creation of the first computer. It was electronic digital devise created by Clifford Berry and John V. Atanasoff. The machine was named after its creators - Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). Certainly, this computer and other machines created in its image and likeness were not perfect, they could not perform complicated tasks and had no operating system. There is an interesting fact that when one of the first computers was switched on, the nearby regions were out of power for some time. The second period lasted from 1947 till 1962. During this period the computers were improved as vacuum tubes was changed for transistors. These computers were already used in the business world and there were many programming languages created for them. Computers became powerful and capable of performing different tasks at once. Third generation is 1963-present. It is characterized the by the creation of integrated circuit. This improvement made the computers more compact, gave them more power and hundreds of different functions including the availability to run several programs at once. Microsoft Disk Operating System was developed in 1980 and the operating system Windows that is used now was born in 1990s. In 1980 Japanese experts created a ten-year plan. They planned to develop the new generation of computers with new functions. â€Å"This was an interesting plan for two reasons. Firstly, it is not at all really clear what the fourth generation is, or even whether the third generation had finished yet. Secondly, it was an attempt to define a generation of computers before they had come into existence. The main requirements of the 5G machines was that they incorporate the features of Artificial Intelligence, Expert Systems, and Natural Language† (Mannell). The pl an was promising because it was aimed at producing computers with certain capacities. Japanese experts wanted new computers to be able to perform the tasks, which humans can perform. They were planned to be able to learn and communicate with people. These functions are especially interesting and beneficial for linguists. Though these goals have not been reached yet, constant development of computers makes it possible to reach them in future. Speaking about computers it is impossible not to mention parallel computing. It is an idea aimed at improving computers’ capacity. At the beginning all the computers were serial with only one processor, however then it was decided to invent computers with several processors as they would be able to perform several tasks at once more efficiently and the programs would run faster. â€Å"Having multiple processors does not necessarily mean that parallel computing will work automatically. The operating system must be able to distribute progr ams between the processors (eg. recent versions of Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X can do this). An individual program will only be able to take advantage of multiple processors if the computer language it's written in is able to distribute tasks within a program between multiple processors. For example, OpenMP supports parallel programming in Fortran and C/C++† (Mannell). The constant improvement of a computer made it perfect and